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Lagos an Overpopulated State: a Case of Continous Spatial Restructuring and Interaction
Aug 14th
Lagos an Overpopulated State: a Case of Continous Spatial Restructuring and Interaction
LAGOS
Introduction
Lagos State was created on May 27, 1967 by virtue of State (Creation and Transitional Provisions) Decree No. 14 of 1967, which restructured Nigeria’s Federation into 12 states. Prior to this, Lagos Municipality had been administered by the Federal Government through the Federal Ministry of Lagos Affairs as the regional authority, while the Lagos City Council (LCC) governed the City of Lagos. Equally, the metropolitan areas (Colony Province) of Ikeja, Agege, Mushin, Ikorodu, Epe and Badagry were administered by the Western Region.
Lagos state is located in latitude 6035’N, and Longitude 3045’E . with a population of over 14million people but official 2006 census suggest that Lagos population is 9,013,534. The main urban centres in the State are Badagry, Epe, Ikorodu, Ikeja and Lagos. The urbanisation process that has taken place in Lagos has been of such significance in the State and in Nigeria as a whole that it should receive special attention.
Although not European in origin, Lagos represents most spectacularly one of that class of Nigerian cities whose growth and development have been significantly shaped by European influ ences. Starting from a small settlement made by the Awori (a subgroup of the Yorubas), first at EbuteMetta and later (for defence reasons) at iddo, probably in the early part of the 17th century, the settlement of Lagos existed rather quietly up to the end of the 18th century.
Lagos has witness continous restructuting due to increased population. Therefore the paper focus on the various demenssion of spatial restructuring that have occurred , the reasons or what informed such restructuring , the effect and possible solution.
Overpopulation is a condition when an organism’s numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its ecological niche. In common parlance, the term usually refers to the relationship between the human population and its environment, the Earth.
Overpopulation is not simply a function of the size or density of the population. Overpopulation can be determined using the ratio of population to available resources
2.0 SPATIAL RESTRUCTURING
Perhaps before we look at spatial restructuring which is a funstion of economic geography and change we should define economic geography which is the study the (locational, organizational and behavioral) principles and processes associated with the spatial allocation of scarce (human, man-made and natural) resources (which are also distributed spatially) and the spatial patterns and (direct and indirect, social, environmental and economic) consequences resulting from such allocations.”
Spatial restructuring is a concept that talks about change in spatial structure i.e. Change in spatial distribution e.g. population densities, Change in spatial interaction pattern, e.g. migration patterns) and Regional economic development: e.g. Changes in income, employment, human welfare, quality of life. And the factors are related to
• Locational (dis-)advantages & locational change,
• Spatial interaction stimuli and
• Economic development conditions & events:
e.g.
• Natural resource endowment,
• Human resources (skills, education),
• Employment structure,
• Organizational, institutional & political factors,
• Access to capital, technology & entrepreneurship,
• Trade, migration (e.g. “brain gain” or “brain drain”)
The two dimension to the spatial restructuring of lagos are Population and structural change.
2.1 POPULATION CHANGE
Population change is the growth or decline in population over time, and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals in a population per unit time. The term population change can technically refer to any species, but almost always refers to humans, and it is often used informally for the more specific demographic term population change rate.
Growth rate= (+)/ population
Going by all indication that would be presented later on there has been population growth in lagos state due to so many factors known as the pull factors, A pull factor is a feature or event that attracts a person to move to another area, and they include:
1. More or better services in that area : it is a general notion that lagos state provides the best service interms of social, and economic activities, in otherwords Lagos is bothe the social and economic nerve of Nigeria, and as such people tend to move into Lagos to enjoy these dervices provided by the state but it should be noted that other emerging cities are Porth-harcourt, Calabar, Warri and Abuja the capital city.
2. Higher standards of living
3. Higher income
4. Peace (absence of civil strife or warfare): lagos is regarded as a No-Man-Land although this statement is not True as the original Inhabitant of Lagos known as the indegenes are still present but the statement is born out of the relatively peacefull nature of lagos compared to other area where u have religious crisis, ethnic crisis, fight for succession etc. everybody for his/her self.
5. Better behavior among the people (lower crime rates and higher moral standards) : this is fact is as stated above
6. More desirable climate: this is one of the factor the ajudge to the norteheners migrants where there climate is relatively harsh.
7. Immediate distance from family problems: sure when people move away from the villages in Nigeria, they are disconnected from there immediate family but the idea of social network in Africa comes in later on and as such it does not exist for long.
8. Economic stability and less risk of loss of wealth
9. Cultural diversity: Lagos is a home for every body, people from different background, culturally and economically are found in Lagos and as such gives room for sociall and cultural in tegration.
10. Religious or political tolerance (living in a more liberal or less repressive state or country) : a sure bet in Lagos state because both Muslims and Christians are found there and it gives room for every one to practice his/her rligion without fear or favour.
Lagos state been filled with an migrants from almost all the state in Nigeria in search for employment due to it commercial nature; Ajegunle is an area in Lagos, Located in the North-eastern flank of Lagos State the former administrative and commercial city in Nigeria in Ajeromi/Ifelodun Local Government Area/Post Express 1998: Appendix 7) Majority of the migrants provided labour for the industries in Lagos until the economic decline in the 80*s due to the crash in global oil prices. These area did not have a comprehensive planning, rather it was a product of a spontaneous urban sprawl of that time. Human settlements in the area could be traced back into the 50*s as Lagos became s strategic commercial city in the West African sub-region. This are in Lagos has suffered severe social exclusion from the socio-economic life of the city of Lagos. The residents in Lagos Ajegunle area were spurred under these circumstances to develop an informal means of interaction considering the fact that they all faced the problem of socio-economic and ecological decline. Crime was very high, building designs very defective no waste management policy, social life was virtually limited within residents and they were more isolated from the rest of the society. All these causes ageing population and environmental degradation. Population growth as it has been define be as a result of increased birth rate, decrease mortality, and increased immigration.
2.2 STRUCTURE CHANGE
Population, Structure and Distribution: Estimates by the United Nations and the Lagos State Regional Master Plan put the state’s current population at about 10.6 million inhabitants. However, the 1991 census of Nigeria puts the population of Lagos State at 5,685,781 or 6.42 per cent of the national total.
The figure still makes Lagos State the most populous state in the Federation. With its area of 3,577 sq. km. the smallest in the country, the state’s population density of 1,590 persons per sq. km. is therefore high. The density value for builtup metropolitan Lagos, estimated at 20,000 persons per sq. km. is even higher still. A 1988 estimate indicates that the population of Lagos State had been growing at an annual rate of 8 percent in the urban areas and 3 percent in the rural areas.
Obviously, the urban growth rate has been enhanced by inmigration. However, in view of the movement of the Federal Government to Abuja in December 1991, the growth rates are like ly to have begun to decrease, or to increase at a decreasing rate.
The most populous LGA in the state is Ojo with 17.8 percent of the 1991 population, closely followed by Mushin together with Oshodi/lsolo (17.4 percent) and Lagos Mainland/Surulere (15.3 percent). While the least populated LGA is IbejuLekki (0.4. per cent); the other LGAs occupy various positions in between.
Urbanisation and Human Settlement System: The main urban centres in the State are Badagry, Epe, Ikorodu, Ikeja and Lagos. The urbanisation process that has taken place in Lagos has been of such significance in the State and in Nigeria as a whole that it should receive special attention.
Although not European in origin, Lagos represents most spectacularly one of that class of Nigerian cities whose growth and development have been significantly shaped by European influ ences. Starting from a small settlement made by the Awori (a subgroup of the Yorubas), first at EbuteMetta and later (for defence reasons) at iddo, probably in the early part of the 17th century, the settlement of Lagos existed rather quietly up to the end of the 18th century.
From 1821 onwards, it became an important slave port on the West African coast. Important turning points in the subsequent growth of Lagos include the bombardment of the city by the British in 1851, with the purpose of ousting the slavetrade inclined King Kosoko and restoring Akintoye as King of Lagos; the resulting aban donment of the city by the civilian population and the slow growth thereafter; the formal cession of Lagos as a Colony to Britain in 1861; and the sub sequent establishment of regular government and administration of justice.
Then followed piecemeal addition of hinterland areas to ensure political and commercial stability; the subsequent growth in com merce and the development of communications cuminating in the founding of the Lagos Chambers of Commerce in 1897. The construction of the railway started in 1895 and harbour improvement followed (19081917). The volume of trade has continued to grow over the years.
Subsequently, various public programmes relating to industrial development, swamp reclamation and mosquito campaigns, pipe borne water, transportation facilities, commercial activities and the city’s increasing functions as the capital of the Federation accelerated the growth of Lagos into the greatest single concentration of skills and disposable income in the country. By 1963, the city (the Municipality of Lagos), made up of such components as Lagos Island, Lagos Mainland, Ikoyi and Victoria Island, Apapa and other areas had an official population figure of 665,246.
However, the geographic city beyond the boundaries of the Municipality was much larger. The spectacular road development works since the 1970s (the construction of the Eko Bridge, the reconstruction of Ikorodu Road into a 10lane dual carriage way, the construction of the Third Mainland Bridge, the ApapaOworonshoki Expressway, the LagosBadagry Expressway, the Abeokuta Expressway, the Victoria lslandEpe road as well as the interconnecting roads that link them into elabo rate circumferential route ways and circulation paths have been both responses to and catalysts of the explosive growth of metropolitan Lagos.
The process of urbanisation still continues in Lagos and with it comes various problems concern ing administration, land acquisition, housing and rents, sanitation, transportation, water supply and crime. These issues are brought to the attention of the public continually through the news media, and they remain endemic subjects of governmental pol icy and programmes.
The settlement system in Lagos state is obvi ously dominated by metropolitan Lagos which incorporates not less than 16 of the 20 local government areas (LGAs): Agege, Ajeromilfelodun, AmuwoOdofin, Alimosho, Apapa, EtiOsa, lfako ljaye, Ikeja, Kosofe, Lagos Island, Lagos Mainland, Mushin, Oshodilsolo, Somolu, Surulere and part of Ojo.
In each of the four remaining LGAs, there is typically a focal town surrounded by numerous lowerorder settlements and village communities. In Badagry LGA, the focal town is the ancient settlement of Badagry which was a major slave out post in precolonial times and is reputed as being the first place in Nigeria where Christianity was preached in 1842.
There are about 120 other com munities and villages in the LGA including Ajara, Topo, Panko, Akarakumo, Aseri, Egun and others. The situation in Epe LGA is similar, the focal town being Epe. The other settlements are about 311, including Agbowalkosi, ltoiki, Ejirin, Onisawasawa, Ubuja, lpabodo and numerous others.
IbejuLekki LGA has as the main town, not the local govern ment headquarters which is Akodo but a more developed small town, Ibeju. Distributed irregularly around and between these two are about 153 other village communities, including Lekki, Magbon Alade and others. Finally, Ikorodu LGA has as its focal town the local government headquarters, Ikorodu, which is a veritable commercial city in its own right.
Being the location of the transmitters for the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria, the Voice of Nigeria and Lagos State Broadcasting Corporation (Radio and Television), it is an important communication centre as well as a major gate way to the country’s hinterland.
There are about 260 other settlements in the LGA, including lgbogbo, Imota, Maya, Baiyeku, ljede, Majidun, Ajegunie, Agbede, Aguru, Odugunyan and others. These four LGAs Badagry, Epe, IbejuLekki and Ikorodu contain virtually the totality of rural areas in Lagos State.
Table 1.0
Population Growth Rate
Year 1975 1999 2000 2015 1999-2000 2000-2015
Pop/million 3.3 12.8 13.4 23.2 5.6 3.7
United Nations population division(1999)
Table 2.0 PLACES IN LAGOS STATE
Name What Region Country Lat Long Elev Ft. Pop Est
Abagbo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4083333 3.3822222 114 115628
Abekkun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4083333 3.3822222 114 115628
Abule Ijesha
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5247222 3.3863889 121 774734
Abule-Nla
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4830556 3.3741667 118 580705
Adeleye
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6147222 3.2655556 144 553058
Agala
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4152778 3.3694444 114 73624
Agani
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4833333 3.35 118 580705
Aganni
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4833333 3.35 118 580705
Agbede
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6688889 3.4897222 160 259436
Agbelekale
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6402778 3.2869444 147 722763
Agboju
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4577778 3.2875 118 5177
Agboyi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5786111 3.4108333 121 929196
Agege
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6219444 3.3258333 137 751549
Agidingbi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6236111 3.3536111 137 931774
Aguda
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6347222 3.3544444 137 1032556
Agun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6044444 3.2705556 144 553058
Aiyetoro
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4591667 3.3425 118 580705
Aiyetoto-Asogun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4538889 3.2511111 118 5177
Ajegunle
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6061111 3.2825 141 553058
Ajegunle
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4488889 3.3369444 114 247815
Akangba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5 3.35 118 580705
Akinogun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6 3.2833333 141 553058
Akinyele
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6066667 3.2644444 144 553058
Akowonjo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6122222 3.3147222 137 751549
Alagba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.62 3.3022222 141 751549
Alagbede
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4833333 3.3666667 118 580705
Alaguntan
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4219444 3.4925 121 113728
Alaiyabiagba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.45 3.3333333 114 106257
Alapako
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4497222 3.2936111 118 106257
Alasia
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4333333 3.4 114 245287
Aliayabiagba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.45 3.3333333 114 106257
Alimosho
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6108333 3.2961111 141 751549
Alimoso
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6108333 3.2961111 141 751549
Amuwo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4730556 3.2980556 118 307463
Animashawun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4833333 3.35 118 580705
Animshaun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4833333 3.35 118 580705
Apapa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4455556 3.3591667 114 247815
Apapa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4333333 3.4166667 118 156357
Apapa Eleko
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4333333 3.4166667 118 156357
Aqani
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4833333 3.35 118 580705
Arida
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5611111 3.2694444 134 352691
Asipa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5827778 3.2552778 137 352691
Atan
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5994444 3.2522222 141 553058
Awja-Ikoradu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6027778 3.4911111 127 808742
Badagri
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4166667 2.8833333 118 23583
Badagry
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4166667 2.8833333 118 23583
Bamgbose
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.45 3.45 118 156357
Bamgboshe
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.45 3.45 118 156357
Bariga
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.535 3.3947222 121 774734
Baruwa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6033333 3.2725 141 553058
Bassa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4241667 3.2558333 114 5177
Beshi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4122222 3.2561111 114 0
Beshi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5530556 3.4741667 124 623381
Bolorunpelu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5452778 3.2730556 131 352691
Cardoso
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5827778 3.2686111 137 352691
Coker
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4738889 3.3311111 118 307463
Coker
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6402778 3.3313889 141 1048141
Ebute Ikorodu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6027778 3.4911111 127 808742
Ebute-Egga
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6027778 3.4911111 127 808742
Ebute-Metta
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4897222 3.3844444 118 591962
Egba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6475 3.3030556 147 1048141
Egbe
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5438889 3.2797222 127 352691
Ejigbo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5522222 3.3072222 127 449144
Eko
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4530556 3.3958333 114 245287
Ekoro
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6452778 3.2908333 147 722763
Elachi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4147222 3.2838889 114 0
Eregun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6008333 3.3644444 131 931774
Erukan
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6061111 3.3961111 127 1111094
Erunkan
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6061111 3.3961111 127 1111094
Ewu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5591667 3.3233333 127 449144
Fatade
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5980556 3.2677778 141 553058
Gbesse
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5530556 3.4741667 124 623381
George
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6286111 3.3480556 137 1032556
Hausa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6108333 3.3561111 134 931774
Ibasa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4241667 3.2558333 114 5177
Ibasha
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4241667 3.2558333 114 5177
Ibese
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4122222 3.2561111 114 0
Ibese
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5530556 3.4741667 124 623381
Ibeshe
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4122222 3.2561111 114 0
Ibeshe
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5530556 3.4741667 124 623381
Ibeshi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5530556 3.4741667 124 623381
Iddo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4697222 3.3802778 114 591962
Idi Oro
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5225 3.36 121 730396
Idimi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5719444 3.2844444 137 352691
Idimu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5719444 3.2844444 137 352691
Idowu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5747222 3.2591667 137 352691
Ifako
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6436111 3.3288889 141 1048141
Igando
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.55 3.25 134 352691
Iganmu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4844444 3.3658333 118 580705
Iganmu Siding
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4844444 3.3658333 118 580705
Igbo Ejo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4241667 3.3541667 114 247815
Igbobi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5225 3.3716667 121 730396
Igbogila
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6072222 3.2588889 144 553058
Igbologun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4183333 3.3319444 114 106257
Ijaiye
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6644444 3.2872222 150 722763
Ijaiye
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6327778 3.3413889 137 1032556
Ijegun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5172222 3.2566667 127 175581
Ijero
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4819444 3.3802778 118 591962
Ijesa-Tedo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4944444 3.3266667 118 307463
Ijora
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4663889 3.3766667 118 591962
Iju
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.675 3.3327778 147 739466
Iju Junction
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.66 3.3222222 144 1048141
Iju Water Works
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.675 3.3327778 147 739466
Ikeja
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5966667 3.3430556 134 931774
Ikotan
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5458333 3.2677778 131 352691
Ikotun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5458333 3.2677778 131 352691
Ikoyi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4530556 3.4355556 118 156357
Ikuata
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4155556 3.3652778 114 73624
Ilasa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4147222 3.2838889 114 0
Ilashe
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4147222 3.2838889 114 0
Ilemere
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5411111 3.4855556 124 370874
Imore
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4241667 3.2830556 114 5177
Inogbe
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4083333 3.3466667 114 73624
Ipaja
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6105556 3.2558333 144 553058
Iponri
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4875 3.3661111 118 580705
Isagatedo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5266667 3.3258333 124 420843
Isasi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6688889 3.3783333 137 433417
Isasi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5508333 3.4755556 124 623381
Iseri-Osun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5188889 3.2777778 124 175581
Ishaga
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5266667 3.3258333 124 420843
Isheri-Olofin
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5752778 3.2813889 137 352691
Ishersi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6688889 3.3783333 137 433417
Isolo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5316667 3.3230556 124 420843
Isunba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4425 3.2866667 114 5177
Itire
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5083333 3.3422222 121 730396
Iwaya
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5041667 3.3919444 118 774734
Jibowu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6594444 3.2986111 150 1048141
Kirikiri
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4425 3.3102778 114 106257
Lagos
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4530556 3.3958333 114 245287
Lashe
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4147222 3.2838889 114 0
Libowu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6594444 3.2986111 150 1048141
Logos
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4530556 3.3958333 114 245287
Magbon
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6255556 3.3141667 141 1048141
Makoko
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4961111 3.3877778 118 591962
Makoko
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4288889 3.4552778 118 156357
Maroko
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4288889 3.4552778 118 156357
Maryland
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5711111 3.3716667 127 822372
Meran
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6352778 3.2697222 147 722763
Moba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4505556 3.4708333 118 113728
Mobba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4505556 3.4708333 118 113728
Mofoluku
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.555 3.3333333 127 449144
Mosan
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6119444 3.2772222 144 553058
Mushin
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5291667 3.355 121 730396
Mushin Halt
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5291667 3.355 121 730396
New Lagos
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5027778 3.3641667 118 730396
Obalende
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4469444 3.4152778 114 245287
Obanikoro
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5472222 3.3702778 124 822372
Oduwole
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5894444 3.2805556 137 553058
Ogogoro
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4291667 3.3977778 114 245287
Ogoyo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.435 3.4877778 121 113728
Ogudu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5713889 3.3963889 124 929196
Ogunlogun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6819444 3.4680556 150 259436
Ojota
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5877778 3.3822222 127 1111094
Oke Ira
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4925 3.3708333 118 580705
Oke Ogbe
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4083333 3.3822222 114 115628
Okepa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4530556 3.4355556 118 156357
Oko Agbo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4083333 3.3822222 114 115628
Okun-Ibese
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4061111 3.2608333 114 0
Okunola
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5952778 3.2858333 137 553058
Olowoira
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6294444 3.3738889 134 1032556
Olute
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4555556 3.2733333 118 5177
Oluwa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4263889 3.3583333 114 247815
Omole
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6391667 3.3566667 137 1032556
Ondotedo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.415 3.3561111 114 73624
Onigbokun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4141667 3.3436111 114 73624
Onigbongbo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5708333 3.365 127 822372
Onike
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5066667 3.3841667 118 774734
Onikosi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6005556 3.3836111 127 1111094
Onisigun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6013889 3.3913889 127 1111094
Onitiri
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5116667 3.3841667 118 774734
Opamore
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5858333 3.3813889 127 1111094
Orile Oshodi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.555 3.3436111 127 822372
Oruba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5786111 3.4108333 121 929196
Oruba Agboyi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5786111 3.4108333 121 929196
Oshodi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5588889 3.3486111 124 822372
Oshosun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5891667 3.3738889 127 931774
Osorun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5522222 3.4855556 124 623381
Ososun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6005556 3.3836111 127 1111094
Oto
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4725 3.3847222 118 591962
Oworonshoki
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5477778 3.4066667 121 929196
Oworonsoki
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5477778 3.4066667 121 929196
Sagisa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6130556 3.3736111 131 931774
Shogunle
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5780556 3.3344444 127 822372
Shomolu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5402778 3.3716667 121 730396
Somolu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5402778 3.3716667 121 730396
Suru Lere
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5091667 3.3580556 118 730396
Tamaro
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4158333 3.3658333 114 73624
Tarkwa Bay
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4027778 3.3941667 114 115628
Tarqua Bay
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4027778 3.3941667 114 115628
Tatala
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5091667 3.3855556 118 774734
Tinubu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5166667 3.3666667 121 730396
Wasimi Ojokoro
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6622222 3.2952778 150 1048141
Yaba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4897222 3.3836111 118 591962
Source: Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.( 1996-2004)
The current data on shown below is an indication that there has been restructuring both population and structure change.
3.0 SPATIAL INTERACTION PERSPECTIVE IN LAGOS STATE.
Spatial interaction is the flow of products, people, services, or information among places, in response to localized supply and demand.
It is a transportation supply and demand relationship that is often expressed over a geographical space. Spatial interactions usually include a variety of movements such as travel, migration, transmission of information, journeys to work or shopping, retailing activities, or freight distribution.
Edward Ullman, perhaps the leading transportation geographer of the twentieth century, more formally addressed interaction as complementarity (a deficit of a good or product in one place and a surplus in another), transferability (possibility of transport of the good or product at a cost that the market will bear), and lack of intervening opportunities (where a similar good or product that is not available at a closer distance).
3.1 Complementarity
The first factor necessary for interaction to take pace is complementarity.
In order for trade to take place, there has to be a surplus of a desired product in one area and a shortage or demand for that same product in another area.
The greater the distance, between trip origin and trip destination, the less likelihood of a trip occurring and the lower the frequency of trips. An example of complementarity would be that you live in sango ota, Ogun state and want to go to silverbird Galleria in Lagos for vacation/ see a movie, which is located in Victoria Island, Lagos. In this example, the product of the journey is Victoria Island which is the destination while sango Ota is the source. In the same vein we have pwople moving from other part of Nigeria into lagos for various reason’s that have been mentioned above under the pull factor.
3.2 Transferability
The second factor necessary for interaction to take pace is transferability. In some cases, it is simply not feasible to transport certain goods (or people) a great distance because the transportation costs are too high in comparison to the price of the product.
In all other cases where the transportation costs are not out of line with price, we say that the product is transferable or that transferability exists.
This concept is totally in contrast to what happen in Lagos because long distance journey form the north where goods such as agricultural drosuce are transported to lagos for sale and eventual consumption, also people come from other areas like form the east and southern part for employment oppourtunities.
Using our Silverbird Galleriaand employment example, we need to know how many people are going, and the amount of time we have to do the trip (both travel time and time at the destination). If only one person is traveling to lagos state and they need to travel in the same day, then flying may be the most realistic option of transferability cost ranges between 7,000 – 15,0000 naira round-trip; however, most of them use road transport which will cost far lesser than the amount for air travel
As one can see, transferability can be accomplished by one of several different modes of transportation depending on the number of people, distance, the average cost to transport each person, and the time available for travel.
3.3 Lack of Intervening Opportunities
The third factor necessary for interaction to take place is the absence or lack of intervening opportunities. There may be a situation where complementarity exists between an area with a high demand for a product and several areas with a supply of that same product in excess of local demand.
In this particular case, the first area would be unlikely to trade with all three suppliers, but would instead trade with the supplier that was closest or least costly. In our example of the trip to lagos, “Is there any other destination identical to Victoria Island, providing an intervening opportunity between other states to lagos?” The obvious answer would be “no.” However, if the question was, “Is there any other area that will provide the same oppourtunity lagos provides for all comers in terms of education, economics and social life? The answer is NOI, similar to Lagos is may be Abuja, Port-Harcourth, Calabar, but not the same as Lagos, at least not to be compared to Lagos..
As you can see from this example, there are numerous factors that could affect complementarity, transferability, and lack of intervening opportunities
We have seen the cause / what will inform the spatial interaction with lagos and the spatial restructuring that has occurs let us look at the effect of these actions.
4.0 THE CONSEQUENCES OF RAPID POPULATION GROWTH
Rapid human population growth has a variety of consequences. Population grows fastest in the world’s poorest countries. High fertility rates have historically been strongly correlated with poverty, and high childhood mortality rates. Falling fertility rates are generally associated with improved standards of living, increased life expectancy, and lowered infant mortality. Overpopulation and poverty have long been associated with increased death, and disease. 25 People tightly packed into unsanitary housing are inordinately vulnerable to natural disasters and health problems which is a major in Lagos state.
However, most of the lagos 13million desperately poor people live in less developed areas. One in five lagos inhabitant reportedly lives below the country’s official poverty line The rapid expansion of population size observed since the days of the colonial masters has been a cause of various social vices.
Poverty is a condition of chronic deprivation and need at the family level. Poverty, is a major concern of humankind, because poverty everywhere reduces human beings to a low level of existence. Poor people lack access to enough land and income to meet basic needs. A lack of basic needs results in physical weak-ness and poor health. Poor health decreases the ability of the poor to work and put them deeper into poverty.
Instead of allowing poverty to persist, it is important to limit our number be-cause in dense populations too many lack adequate food, water, shelter, education and employment. High fertility, which has been traditionally associated with pros-perity, prestige, and security for the future, now jeopardizes chances for many to achieve health and security
Rich and poor cities alike are affected by population growth, though the population of industrial countries are growing more slowly than those of develop-ing one. At the present growth rates, the population of economically developed countries would double in 120 years. The Third World, with over three quarters of the world’s people, would double its numbers in about 33 years. This rapid dou-bling time reflects the fact that 37 percent of the developing world’s population is under the age of 15 and entering their most productive childbearing years. In the Third World countries (excluding China), 40 percent of the people are under 15; in some African countries, nearly half are in this age group.
Lagos current and projected population growth calls for an increase in efforts to meet the needs for food, water, health care, technology and education. In the poorest countries, massive efforts are needed to keep social and economic con-ditions from deteriorating further; any real advances in well-being and the quality of life are negated by further population growth. Many countries lack adequate supplies of basic materials needed to support their current population. Rapid population growth can affect both the overall quality of life and the degree of hu-man suffering on Earth.
5.0 THE WAY FORWARD
ACTIONS AND STRATEGIES THAT CAN BE DEVELOPED TO SOLVE THESE PROBLEMS
There is controversy over whether population growth is good or bad. Over-population and continuing population growth are making substantial contributions to the destruction of Earth’s life support systems. In the past, human populations have rarely been subject to explosion. In numbers. The powerful long-term mo-mentum that is built into the human age structure means that the effects of fertility changes become apparent only in the future. For these reasons, it is now conven-tional practice to use the technology of population projection as a means of better understanding the implications of trends.
Population projections represent the playing out into the future of a set of as-sumptions about future fertility and mortality rates. More public education is needed to develop more awareness about population issues. Facts like the size or the growth rate of the human population should be in the head of every citizen. Schools should inform students about population issues in order for them to make projections about the future generations.
Action plans and strategies can be developed to increase public understanding of how rapid population growth limits chances for meeting basic needs. The spirit of open communication, and empowerment of individual women and men will be key to a successful solution to many population problems. Collective vision about health care, family planning and women’s education at the community level build a basis for action. The creation of action plans help to meet challenges to find coop-erative solutions. Free and equal access to health care, family planning and educa-tion are desirable in their own right and will also help reduce unwanted fertility.
Individual choice, human rights and collective responsibility are key to al-lowing families to plan the size and spacing of their children. It is essential to achieve a balance between population and the available resources. Teachers, par-ents, community workers and other stakeholders should extend the range of choices about available resources to individuals, especially women, and by equal-izing opportunities between the genders from birth onwards.
Teachers, parents, other educators, politicians and other concerned citizens can practice how to make good decisions in everyday life. Decisions about family size, and resource will affect the future generations. Through commu-nity forums, specific issues about the population growth can be discussed and possible action plans can be developed.
Teachers, as well as students can use the information super highway to gain knowledge about other countries’ population and resources. Teachers can help students with problems and decision making on a daily basis. The investigation of world population will raise the level of awareness, so that we can learn to handle problems based on data. This data can help us to analyze our situations in a practical way.
Teachers, students, parents and other stakeholders can look for trends in the population explosion. They can hold community meetings at school to discuss how this issue presents a challenge to the big picture of human population on the planet “Earth”.
Above all we should
Once we recognize the fact that overpopulation is a problem and that increasing standards of living around the world will add to our resource-use and pollution-management challenges, it’s tempting to start thinking that disease, poverty, and premature death are unfortunate but necessary (as long as they happen to someone else, of course). We must resist any such temptation and work toward better solutions.
We should:
• continue to strive to reduce suffering by combating disease and poverty around the world;
• continue to improve resource efficiency and pollution control so that standards of living can rise without negative impact; and
• keep human population to numbers that are sustainable.
On the population front, that means:
• making sure people around the world have access to family planning services;
• empowering women in developing countries economically, socially, and legally in a manner that results in them having an equal say (with their husbands) in reproductive decisions;
• modifying school curricula to include information on population levels and implications for the future;
• reforming tax laws in a way that encourages couples to have no more than two children. (They would still be able to have as many kids as they want, but the tax code would no longer subsidize more than two.)
People are a good thing, but population growth without limit is not. The US and all developed countries should reinvigorate their international efforts to slow population growth.
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Mum’s Big Idea for Tiny Babies
Aug 13th
Mum’s Big Idea for Tiny Babies
A Busy mum has set up a business to help the parents of premature babies. Mum of one Sharon Ward, 36, set up Teddy & Me whilst juggling the care of four-year-old son Louis and working in a warehouse until 11pm.
The Kenilworth based business has taken off and Sharon is already winning praise – she has been nominated for Yell.com’s Inspirational Business Mum of the year award.
Sharon said: “The idea came about through my involvement with the charity ADAPT, which supports the parents of premature babies in neonatal units.” “I realised there was a lack of suitable, well fitting clothing available and wanted to help alleviate the problem.” “I initially thought I would be able to buy clothes from a manufacturer and sell them but I couldn’t find anyone making them.”
“So with the support of a pattern maker and my husband Jon, plus help and advice from paediatricians, neonatal specialists and parents, I designed them myself and had them manufactured at a factory in the Midlands”
The tiny outfits, which start at 400grams, take into consideration any tubes/drips and monitors the babies may have attached, whist offering maximum comfort and ease of dressing. Sharon also wanted to help the many parents who lose their babies to prematurity and stillbirth, by creating resting garments for babies weighing less than 3.5kg (8lbs).
A spokes women from the awards said: “The award recognises the commitment, energy, drive and determination of business mums and the specific challenges they face combining entrepreneurship with motherhood.” Finalists will be notified at the end of May.
For more details about our clothing call 01926 856069 or log onto www.teddyandme.co.uk
Teddy & Me
Beautiful Clothing for Premature and Tiny Babies.
http://teddyandme.co.uk/
Real Estate Photography- Grow Business Earnings
Aug 12th
Real Estate Photography- Grow Business Earnings
The photography which is done on Real Estate Development Company is known as real estate photography. The concept is very much popular in European and western countries/ companies. Because according to the real estate photography the market has to be established! Real estate photography is done in different ways such as in close-ups. The real which is to be marketed has to be identified first. The product is then suited by professional photographer from different angles from which the product is most likely to be a sellable hotcake. Since the real estate is govern by the products which are only shown in hypothetical manner, the real estate has to be marketed accordingly. Since, the real estate is depends upon the projected outcomes, is covered by the photography part. So, a photographer must be analyzer in nature!
The photographer must know what the product will be after its completion of project. So, the photograph and actual product should match. Real estate photography makes a difference that good photos can make in the process of house for sale.
Importance of real estate photography
Digital presentation of real estate photographs is the key to good seller in the property market. In the present property marketplace, real estate photography became the essential tool of property firms! Digital photos are becoming popular and can be readily available in the market. Digital photos make real estate photography more natural and practical. If you want to search real estate photography for your property business, then you can find many online real estate photography professional websites online. By just surfing the internet you can gather some real estate photography tips and hints. For a professional real estate agent, it is must to take well-composed and exposed real estate photographs. By trying true methods of real estate photography you can produce real estate photos without the need of buying expensive tools.
Good online companies offer stunning real estate photography for both interactive and print use as well as three hundred sixty degree Panoramic virtual tour images, video production, multimedia presentations and image management. It is an important for you those great photographic images for marketing your position. Blur photos of real estates are never acceptable. To take better images of your real estates you should choose real estate photography. Over the past few years there are dramatic changes happened with introduction of digital camera has brought to the Real Estate photography industry. With such latest technology, a real estate photography transfer images to a web page on the internet, and flyers printed all within minutes. Nowadays, listings are quickly available to other real estate firms and purchasers worldwide who have access to a computer.
Sydney Real Estate Photography offers servics like Real Estate Photography, property photography, architectural photography, interior design photography and landscape photography. For more detail about Real Estate Photography visit: www.sydneyrealestatephotography.com.au and also visit: seo services
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POWER OFF GRID: BENEFITS OF A POWER OFF GRID SYSTEM FOR YOUR HOME
Aug 12th
POWER OFF GRID: BENEFITS OF A POWER OFF GRID SYSTEM FOR YOUR HOME
POWER OFF GRID: BENEFITS OF A POWER OFF GRID SYSTEM FOR YOUR HOME
Power off grid systems are generally utilized in remote locations without the benefit of a utility grid. The power off grid system can also be used in an area where furbishing a power line to the local utility grid is prohibitively expensive, or in an area where blackouts and/or brownouts are frequent. With an off grid solar power system, you would be able to provide the energy necessary to light up a cabin, home or business.
Power off grid systems comprehensively alleviate a home’s dependency on utility electrical grids. Usually, the power off grid systems require a higher initial investment than grid-tie systems. The difference is because there is a greater demand on the power off grid system. A grid-tie system usually supplements a home’s energy demands, which reduces the amount of energy required from the utility grid. In contrast, a power off grid system is responsible for providing all power to the household appliances and tools.
CLICK HERE TO LEARN MORE ABOUT POWER OFF GRID SYSTEMS
When designing a power off grid system, it is best to take a holistic approach and envision the completed project from a “big picture” perspective. This strategy is even necessary when deciding something as simple as the type of light bulbs that will be utilized. Standard incandescent lighting is extremely energy inefficient, and as such, you may want to consider fluorescent or LED lighting instead.
Power off grid systems are usually bigger than most grid-tie systems. For the power off grid system to be fully independent, a system must have a greater array of energy-producing panels, which in turn requires more batteries to store the charge and more equipment to regulate the charge. However, even though the power off grid system requires a bigger initial investment, in the long run, a power off grid system may save you thousands in energy costs.
CLICK HERE TO BUILD SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS
Here are the main components to a power off grid system:
(1) Solar Array: A Solar Array is a group of solar panels which absorb solar energy and convert this to DC power. The number and type of solar panels will determine how much energy you can produce, as will your geographic location.
(2) PV Combiner Box: The PV Combiner Box usually includes GFCIs which protect your solar power system from equipment damage caused by power surges and short circuits. You can also shut down your solar power system at a moment’s notice, allowing for safe maintenance, repair, and inspection.
(3) Charge Controller: Your batteries will accept all electrical current running from the solar array, but overcharging can ruin them. Charge controllers ensure batteries don’t receive current when they’re charged to capacity, protecting your investment.
(4) DC Breaker Box: The DC Breaker Box includes a disconnect which will regulate the relationship between the battery bank and the inverter so it can be shut down at a moment’s notice to replace, repair, or inspect the batteries safely.
(5) Battery Bank: Batteries store the energy you collect through your array. Power off grid systems must collect enough energy to power your home or business until your batteries can be charged again.
(6) Inverter: Inverters take DC power and convert it to AC power. Most electrical systems (like that found in your home) run off of AC power.
(7) Back-up Generator: A back-up power supply is important to compensate for weather patterns which might otherwise disrupt your array’s collection.
CLICK HERE TO MAKE SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS
Voice Prompts and Voicemail Greetings by Professional Voice Talent Boosts Image
Aug 10th
Voice Prompts and Voicemail Greetings by Professional Voice Talent Boosts Image
More and more businesses who use voicemail and voice prompts for their phone system including pbx, auto attendant and IVR system developers are realizing that their telephone voicemail and voice prompt recordings play a large role in impressing customers and bolstering their image. Those businesses and voice prompt developers who want their company to reflect a professional image are utilizing professional voice talent such as Lecia Macryn Voice Services www.Macryn.com who specialize in recording custom voice prompts and voicemail greetings for all types of phone systems, cell phones, auto attendant, pbx systems, and IVR (Interactive Voice Response).
Professionally recorded voice greetings and prompts help clients feel they are associating with a stable, established company and make a positive impression. Callers are more apt to place more confidence in a company or phone interaction where the phone presence is confident, clear and professional.
Voice greetings and voice prompts can be sent via internet in any format or recorded into any phone, including mobile/cell phones. Lecia Macryn Voice Services, www.Macryn.com works with small and large businesses, ivr developers, customer satisfaction survey companies, auto attendant/pbx systems, and all types of telephony applications and projects. Most recording requests can be delivered same day, if needed and a free sample audition is provided as well to ensure the voice recordings are what the client wants.
Lecia Macryn Voice Services has been providing recordings for clients worldwide since 1993 and can accommodate the small business owner who has just one basic voicemail recording …to the most extensive voice prompt application entailing thousands of recordings,
Demos and more information is available at: www.Macryn.com or call Lecia Macryn Voice Services at (248) 288-2242.
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Miss Universe 2007 in Mexico City
Aug 9th
Miss Universe 2007 in Mexico City
MISS UNIVERSE 2007 IN MEXICO CITY
By Alejandro Guevara Onofre
Miss Universeâs my favorite Telecast. Itâs really exciting. I always want my favorite “Miss” to win. When they win, I am really happy. But when my favorite loseâ¦Every year, I have a favorite delegate. Last year was Miss Japan, Kurara Chibana. From my point of view, I think that Miss Japan 2006 is a perfect beauty⦠In 1978 was my countrywoman: In my opinion, I think that Miss Peru, Olga Roxana Zumaran Burga, has one of the best bodies in the Miss Universe History…she was a big favorite in Acapulco, Mexico… I think that Olga was eliminated this contest because she did not speak English…In this year I was a children…I was a fan of Miss Peruâ¦
In 1985, my favorite was Miss Zaire, currently the Democratic Republic of Congo…. Miss Zaire ,Kayonga “Benita” Mureka Tete…Miss Africa and great favorite in Miss World 1985… …her exotic beauty was very special. Some people think that I am passionate about Miss Universeâ¦Itâs true…My mother is guilty of that. She has a great admiration for Gladys Zender, Miss Universe 1957.
I remember that my country was elected host the Miss Universe on January 1982. For me, was a surprised to read in the newspapers that Lima, Peruâs capital, hosted the Miss Universe. I felt very happy…My country made a great contest…were times against the terrorism by Shining Path⦠One of my favorites was Miss Brazil.. spectacular Cecyle Pinto Marques da Sylva (1,80m-18 years old and brown eyes) was born in Belem do Para, Amazonas (Amazonian jungle. She studied medicine. Glamorous Miss Amazonas said that her idol is the Supreme Pontieff John Paul II.
The Miss Universe Pageant originated in the 1950s in Long Beach, California. Certainly, Miss Universe has been compared to Olympic Games. I think that Miss Universe begin in Ancient Greeceâ¦More than 1,000 years⦠I remember that sports and beauty were important for the Ancient Greeks. Certainly, Cyprus Island was the sanctuary of Aphrodite, the Goddess of Beauty and Love
For the fourth time, Mexico will host the 56th the Miss Universe Pageant. The final will be at the National Auditorium in Mexico City, on May 28th.Mexico is one of the most wonderful places on Earthâ¦There are very nice beaches: Cancun, Mazatlan, Puerto Vallarta, La Paz, Puerto Escondido, and Acapulco. For example, Cozumel Island is a tropical paradiseâ¦The Mexican Jungle is the real fascinationâ¦paradisiac landscapes. Furthermore, Mexico has one of the oldest histories in the world. Like Peru, France and Thailand, Mexico is the home of International gastronomyâ¦Mexico is very famous for its foodâ¦tacos, empanadas, moles, and enchiladasâ¦Finally, the people are very warm and friendly. From my perspective, I think that Mexico is the perfect place for Miss Universeâ¦Welcome to MEXICO!
FROM 1952 TO 2007:
1952: Long Beach, California. Miss Finland was the first Miss Universeâ¦
1955: Long Beach, California. Miss Sweden was crowned Miss Universe. Miss El Salvador, Maribel Arrietta, was the big favorite. Miss El Salvador was compared to Marilyn Monroe by American journalists.
1957: Long Beach (California). Miss Peru, Gladys Zender Urbina was elected Miss Universe. She is the first Latin woman to win the Miss Universe.
1959: Long Beach, California. Miss Italy, Maria Grazia Buccella, was the big favourite, but she did not make the semifinals. Next day, Italian newspapers criticized Akiko Kojima…New Miss Universe from Japan….
1961: Long Beach, California. Marlene Schmidt became the first German woman to win the Miss Universe title.
1962: Miss Haiti, Evelyn Miot, was the first black woman to be a semifinalist at Miss Universeâ¦
1964: Long Beach, California. Corina Tsopie was the first person from Greece to win the Pageant.
1968: Miami Beach, Florida.Martha Vasconcelos became the second Brazilian to win the Miss Universe title.
1969: Miami Beach, Florida. Miss Philippines, Gloria Diaz, became the third Miss universe from the Asia.
1975: San Salvador (El Salvador).The winner was Anne Pohtamo, Miss Finland. She looks like Grace Kelly, who was an American actress and Princess of Monaco (a small country in Europe).During her reign, she went to the USA, Australia, Hong Kong, Dominican Republic and other countries in the Third World…She was crowned in El Salvador, the birthplace of Maribel Arrieta, one of the most beautiful delegates in the chronology of MU…. Jackeline Gammarra, Miss Bolivia, was big favorite in San Salvador. Ironically, she had been eliminated in the semifinals of Miss Universe. She is one of the best South American delegates in the history of Miss Universe…
1978: Acapulco, Mexico. Miss South Africa won the title. The favorites were : 1-El Salvador, 2-Peru, 3-USA, 4-SAfrica, 5-Israel, 6-Sweden, 7-Wales, 8-Costa Rica. Miss Costa Rica, Maribel Fernandez (actress in the 1980s and 1990s), was eliminated. The great surprise was Miss Chile⦠very intelligent (she spoke English, French and German)⦠Miss Peru, Olga Roxana Zumaran Burga, has been the only Peruvian favorite in the Miss Universe History…but she did not speak English as Miss Colombia and Miss Spain. Another eliminated was Miss El Salvador, Iris Yvette Mazorra, one of the best Latin American delegates in MU.
1979: Perth (Australia). Miss Brazil was a big favorite until last minute, but she had poor speech in the finals. Miss Venezuela, Maritza Sayalero won the title.
1981: New York City. Under the leadership of Osmel Sousa, President of Miss Venezuela Organization, Venezuelaâs Irene Saez was crowned Miss Universe. The final ranking:1-Venezuela, 2-Canada, 3-Sweden, 4-Brazil, 5-Belgium. After the Miss Universe, Miss Brazil, Adriana Alves de Oliveira had worked as professional model in Paris…In 1984 she was London, the United Kingdom, where she was the first favorite by international journalism and houses of best. With at 1.81m, she had a perfect body and European profile…But she only came between 7 semifinalists. She is the best delegate from Brazil since Magdalena Sbairini, other big favorite in Miss World 1977…
1982: Lima ,Peru. The favorites were: 1-Miss Chile, 2-Miss South Africa, 3-Miss Brazil, 4-Miss Finland 5-Miss Canada 6-Miss Austria 7-Greece 8-Miss Wales 9-Miss Italy 10-Miss Australia…Werenât favorites: Guam, USA, Uruguay, Germany, Peru, Venezuela, England and Miss Sweden. Miss South Africa, Odett Octavia Scrooby, (18 years old, 173m, blue eyes and 54 k) was born in Skeerpoort. She had been a professional model in Johannesburg, a city in SA. Her hobbies are drawing and painting. Her dream was to become an international supermodel. She did not win because her country was the birthplace of Apartheidâ¦However, Miss Canada won the title. Karen Baldwin was a student at university in Canada.Her dream was to become a businesswoman. Her hobbies were water sports and playing tennis, squash and racquetball. Like Gladys Zender, one of the judges, Karen was a sportswoman. “My idol is the Mother Theresa of Calcutta”, said in an interview with Mario Vargas Llosa (judge).In the International judge, Karen had had the support of Rod Duguay, her countrymen and a famous hockey player…
1984: Miami, Florida. Miss South Africa, Leticia Snyman, was a big favorite, but she did not win Miss Universe. After 1984,Miss Universe company did not accept South Africa contestants until 1995,when Namibia was host the Miss Universe.
1985: Miami, Florida. The final ranking: 1-PR,2-Spain,3-Zaire,4-Venezuela,5-Uruguay. Miss Zaire, Benita Mureka, was the first black African finalist in Miss Universe. Miss Zaire has her own style, very beautiful. Miss Puerto Rico, a girl very common, was elected Miss Universeâ¦very strange result.
1986: Panama City. Miss Venezuela, Barbara Palacios Teyde. Venezuela has had many judges in the Miss Universe since 1984: Certainly, Carolina Herrera (1984 and 1997), Irene Saez (1983 and 1995), Maria Consuelo Alonso (1993 and 1998), Lupita Ferrer (1986), Barbara Palacios Teyde (1988) and Jose Luis Rodriguez (1991. Different from Venezuela, Jamaica has not had an judge in MU history…as Bolivia, Paraguay, Portugal, Austria, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Namibia, Curacao, Albania, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Iceland, Ireland…
1987: Singapore City. Miss Chile, Cecilia Bolocco was crowned Miss Universe Pageant. She had a sensational interview with judges. Miss Colombia, Patricia Lopez, did not qualify for the semifinals. After of won Miss South America-Universe and Miss Photogenic, Patricia Lopez became the big favorite to win the Miss Universe, but she did not speak English very well. Good bye Colombiaâ¦
1989: Cancun, Mexico. Andrea Stelzer was Miss South Africa 1985 but when she arrived at Miami Airport Immigration did not accept her entrance to Miami. Reasons: Radical protests by American Anti-Apartheid activists. After…like many South African, she became German citizen. In 1989 she won the Miss Germany title. She went to Cancun and was semifinalist at the Miss Universe…
1990: Venezuela was the dominant force in Miss Universe Pageant in the 1990s.
1993: Mexico City. Maria Consuelo Alonso, international judge, did not support Miss Venezuela, Milka Chulina, at the Miss Universe. In Caracas, there was many critics towards Maria Consueloâ¦She was born in Cuba.
1994: Manila, Philippines. The ranking final: 1-Miss India, 2-Miss Colombia, 3-Miss Venezuela. Many people think that Colombia never winner Miss Universe⦠because the narcotrafic. Colombia have had spectacular girls like Aura Maria Mojica and Paloma Turbay Ayala…
1996: Las Vegas, Nevada. Miss Venezuela, Alicia Machado, won the Miss Universe Pageant. She is always controversial and charismaticâ¦
1999: Trinidad Tobago. Miss Botswana, Mpule Kwelagobe, became Miss Universe. Since 1999, she is an Anti-AIDS activist in the Third World.
2000: Nicosia, Cyprus, the birthplace of Aphroditeâ¦Miss India, Lara Dutta was crowned Miss Universe. Miss France, Sonia Rolland, who speaks French, English and Spanish, was another bi-racial beauty. She has a Rwandan mother and a French father. Sonia was a child who lived at the time of the Rwandan War.
2006: Los Angeles, California. Miss Puerto Rico, Zuleyka Rivera, was crowned Miss Universe Pageant⦠Did you know that… Puerto Rico has had several judges in the Miss Universe History: Mapy Cortes (actress/1972), Marisol Malaret (former MU: 1977 and 2002),Deborah Carthy-Deu (ex-MU: 1987 and 2003), Dayanara Torres (2001),Marc Anthony (2001)and Maria Celeste Arraras (journalist/2003 and 2006)…but Chile only has had two judges: Cecilia Bolocco (1996) and Christian de la Fuente (20001)â¦.
2007: Welcome to Mexicoâ¦Miss Universe 2007
ALEJANDRO GUEVARA ONOFRE:He is a freelance writer.Alejandro is of Italian, African and Peruvian ancestry.He´ve studied political science and journalism.He has published more than seventy-five research paper in English, and more than twenty in Spanish, concerning the world issues, olympic sports, countries, and tourism. His next essay is called The Dictator and Alicia Alonso.He is an expert on foreign affairs. Futhermore, Alejandro is the first author who has published a world-book encyclopedia in Latin America. He admires Frida Kahlo (Mexican painter), Angelina Jolie (actress and Goodwill Ambassador for the UN Refugee Agency), Hillary Clinton (ex-First Lady of the USA), and Jimmy Carter (former President of the USA). His favorite film is Gorillas in the Mist.Some of his favorite books are The Return of Eva Peron and the Killings in Trinidad (by V.S.Naipaul), Las Mujeres de los Dictadores (by Juan Gasparini) and Murder of a Gentle Land (by John Barron and Anthony Paul).His favorite song is by Karen Carpenter, called Touch Me When We´re Dancing… His personal motto is The future is for those people who believe in the beauty o f their dreams by Eleanor Roosevelt.
Interests and Hobbies:
His hobbies and interests are writing essays, going to the gym, browsing the Internet, Foreign Politics, learning about cultures, reading , cooking Peruvian food, listening to American and British Music…